Stereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans - 1909 Words

Humans have a natural instinct to try to understand unfamiliar demographics based on information displayed to them via media outlets and other people; this instinct is called stereotyping. Stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver s knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups (Green). Stereotypes have been proven to affect young adolescents. Media depicts African Americans in stereotypical ways that negatively affect self-esteem, therefore all media outlets should display African Americans in a more realistic and rational way. The type of prejudice that affects African Americans the most is based on racial grounds. Racial stereotypes are â€Å"constructed beliefs that all members of the same race share that are usually negative.† (Green). Harmful and often untrue stereotypes of African Americans mostly come from historical figures who aimed to group African Americans and justify moral wrongdoings of the past. These depictions shaped the way African Americans were, and still are, viewed by other races. Archetypes such as the Sambo, Jim Crow, Savage, Mammy, Aunt Jemimah, Sapphire, and the Jezebel, though not as powerful today, are often altered to be used to categorize the African American people of today s society. Despite these racial stereotypes of the past being not as influential as they once were, they are still prevalent today by being adapted to fit in with the mainstream views of black people of today. One of the most long lastingShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have been represented in the media with harmful stereotypes which were founded in the slavery era (Cartier, 2014)(Carpenter, 2012). This negative representation invites bias from those who accept the images, the distortion of which is accentuated by both sexism and racism. Black women are the least represented group in cinema, making it easier to rely on stereotypes which encourage societal bias. From these stereotypes, like the Jezebel and Sapphire, stem the â€Å"real world† stereotypesRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African Americans1217 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes seem to be very present in our country, especially stereotypes towards African-Americans. For the longest time, like it has been instilled as a fact in my brain, black people have been directly related to the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood†. I don’t remember a time where I actually can remember the words â€Å"ghetto† or â€Å"hood† without the picture in my mind of an African-American person. I think that this is a big problem in today’s society because it is not true but still seems to be taught. InRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of African American Students Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes can be defined as schemas applied to a group of people sharing common physical, biological or racial characteristics. Focusing on education, African American students had consistently been negatively stereotyped about their intellectual abilities. Research indicates that racial stereotypes negatively affect African American students’ academic performance. This correlation, though, is clearest among salient African American students, implying that psychological factors may result fromRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African Americans1347 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans have been oppressed ever since slavery was abolished and it seems to be a never-ending cycle. White Americans oppressed the black population because they needed a way to remind everyone of their so-called supremacy. They did this through many different ways but the most common were by theatrical performances. Ever since the minstrelsy shows the negative stereotypes of African Americans seem to keep growing. According to the book Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, â€Å"in almostRead MoreAfrican-American Stereotypes935 Words   |  4 Pagesand The Help, the portrayals of African-Americans reinforce established racial stereotypes. Dorcas and the prostitutes represent the jezebel; the absent male is viewed and reinforced through the perspectives of Violet, Golden Gray, and even Minny; Aibileen and Minny represent the mammies, and in a way, Jim is Huck’s mammy too. While there are instances in all four novels of characters challenging stereotypes, these characters primarily rein force racial stereotypes. The jezebel represents a femaleRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes1256 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American IAT George, Janel A: Stereotype and School Pushout: Race, Gender, and Discipline Disparities DESCRIPTION: George focuses on implicit bias largely in the educational sector and how that effects African Americans with the emphasis on specifically the black female. Educationally facilities tend to apply restrictions regarding disciplines on a sort of equality across the board basis; however, the failure of recognition is that this method is not effective and results in long term psychologicalRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes. Paper1208 Words   |  5 PagesAfrican American Stereotypes Ivory Marvin A stereotype is a popular belief about specific types of individuals. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions. African Americans have been perceived to be someone they are not in the media, history, and in everyday life. Although some stereotypes are true, many are harmful and inaccurate. African American stereotypes are generalizations about the behavior of African Americans originated mainlyRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of African American Females Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesStereotypes are instilled in us at a young age by our previous experiences and by our parents. Whether they are positive or negative, African American females have to deal with these on a daily basis. Stereotypes often influence the way people view themselves and the way others view them. These are represented in American media, such as commercials and other advertisements. Reflection on Experience After watching one hundred commercials, I found that African American females are represented inRead MoreStereotypes And Generalizations Of African Americans1534 Words   |  7 Pagesinception, the negative stereotypes and generalizations of African Americans have been some of the worst examples of racism that has been extremely prevalent in American culture. African American stereotypes date back all the way to colonial American times, where African American slavery was considered to be accepted and practiced. Since then, black people in America have been treated horribly for stereotypes that have deep roots in the mistreatment of black people in American history. An example ofRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes in the Media1396 Words   |  6 PagesJakaya McCambry 10/02/12 African American Stereotypes in the Media When I first heard someone say, â€Å"All African American people are Ghetto,† I was very offended that someone would make this type of assumption about my culture, and I thought how ignorant this person must be; but then I stopped and wondered why other people would think this about us. I asked her why she would say something like this, and she instantly listed shows like Tosh.O and Chelsea Lately, which highlight my culture in a

A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor Essay

In the short story A Good Man Is Hard to Find, written by Flannery O’Connor, the theme that the definition of a ‘good man’ is mysterious and flawed is apparent. The reader must realize that it is difficult to universalize the definition of a good man because every person goes through different experiences. Thus, these experiences affect his or her viewpoint and in turn flaw ones view on a good man. O’Connor conveys this theme through her excellent use of diction, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism as well as through a creative use of repetition and an omniscient point of view. The grandmother, the main character of the story, is manipulative. Her definition of a ‘good man’ refers to the characteristics that a ‘good man’ should possess.†¦show more content†¦She [the grandmother] pointed out interesting details of the scenery: Stone Mountain, the blue granite that in some places came up to both sides of the highway; the brilliant red clay banks slightly streaked with purple; and the various crops that made row of green lace-work on the ground. The trees were full of silver white sunlight and the meanest of them sparkled. (1286) She uses informal diction to help achieve the targeted theme and her slight use of a southern dialect is one brilliant component that helps her to do so. For example, when the family stops for barbecue sandwiches along their way to Tennessee, the owner’s wife compliments the granddaughter. â€Å"’Ain’t she cute?† Red Sam’s wife said, leaning over the counter. â€Å"Would you like to come be my little girl?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (1287). Adding this southern twist of diction as well as the southern setting helps to illustrate the culture the grandmother was raised in. This helps to bridge the gap between what the reader’s definition of a good man may be, based off of their cultural upbringing, and the grandmother’s definition of a good man. This gap reinforces the O’Conner’s idea that there cannot be a universal definition of a good man. Imagery is used flawlessly in this short story. O’Connor uses descriptive adjectives fairly often to paint a picture in the reader’s mind and to add spice to herShow MoreRelatedA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor1196 Words   |  5 PagesA prolific writer, famously known as Flannery O’Connor in 1953, wrote the short narrative titled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† (Scott 2). However, it was published two years later in 1955, in her second collection of short stories. This particular collection presented the author as a key voice in the ancient American literature world until she met her sudden death in 1964 when she was only 39. The collection also won her tremendous fame, especially concerning her unmatchable creativity and masteryRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor748 Words   |  3 PagesFlannery O’Connor’s Southern Gothic short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† is one of sudden violence; a lthough, it begins rather uneventful (Kaplan 1). Bailey, his wife, and their children, John Wesley, June Star, and a baby boy, are all looking forward to a trip to Florida. Grandmother, Bailey’s mom, wants to go to east Tennessee to see her relatives, not Florida. She uses an article in the newspaper that tells of an escaped criminal, the Misfit, which is headed to Florida to try to persuadeRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor645 Words   |  3 PagesA Good Man â€Å"She would have been a good woman†¦if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life† (Gardner). Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† tells of Bailey, his wife, their three children and Bailey’s mother all heading to Florida for vacation. In this paper I will summarize the story, and discuss the irony of the story and the morality and religion in the story. The family, Bailey, his wife, three children and his mother, are set to go on vacation to FloridaRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor 664 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† Flannery OConnor uses the grandmother as a person who gets what she wants. At first she doesnt want to go to Florida she wants to visit her relatives in Tennessee. We also learn she is manipulative when she tries to change Baileys (her son) mind. Whenever something doesnt go her way she wants she isnt pleased. She uses the story of the Misfit to scare the family so that they would go to Tennessee. Something else the grandmother says about herself inRead More The Journey in A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor690 Words   |  3 PagesThe Journey in A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor In A Good Man Is Hard to Find, Flannery OConnors character searches for grace and redemption in a world full of sin. Grimshaw states, each one, nonetheless, is free to choose, free to accept or reject Grace (6). The Grandmother in A Good Man is Hard to Find, is on a journey for grace and forgiveness in a world where the redemption she is searching for proves to be hard to find. The Grandmother often finds herself at oddsRead More A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, the main character is the grandmother. Flannery OConnor, the author, lets the reader find out who the grandmother is by her conversations and reactions to the other characters in the story. The grandmother is the most important character in the story because she has a main role in the stories principal action. This little old lady is the protagonist in this piece. We learn more about her fromRead MoreEssay on A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor1564 Words   |  7 PagesA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor A Good Man is Hard to Find is an extremely powerful commentary that elucidates Flannery OConnors opinions about religion and society. Like the majority of her other works, A Good Man is Hard to Find has attracted many interpretations based on Christian dogma (Bandy 1). These Christian explications are justified because Miss OConnor is notorious for expressing Catholic doctrines through her fiction. Once she even remarked I see fromRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find,† written by Flannery O’Connor tells the story of a dysfunctional family headed to vacation and their inevitable death. The family, including their matriarch, the grandmother, represents the delusion perfection that many modern Christians have. The family displays an extreme sense of vanity, self-centeredness, and disobedience during the first half of the story. The first half of the story does not follow a specific pattern nor does it hold significance to the family’sRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pages Who is the Misfit? In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† a family comprising of a grandmother, a father, three children, and a wife is headed on vacation has the misfortune of meeting a murderous band of serial killers. The Misfit and his band of serial killers are recently escapees of a federal prison. In the following paragraphs this paper looks into the issues of, what one would do in a situation such as that and the background of the the family and murderers as well. The MisfitRead More Symbolism in A Good Man Is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor1038 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Symbolism in A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery OConnor is a short story that depicts a familys vacation to Florida that turned into an abysmal tragedy when they met with the Misfit, a convict who escaped from prison. This story is meant to be interpreted as a parable, whereby OConnor made skilful use of symbolism to bring about messages such as the class-consciousness and the lack of spiritual faith that exist amongst human.

Discrimination in the Emergency Department Free Essays

There is discrimination in the emergency department because of the need for health care workers to implement standards in determining the extent of condition of patients brought to the emergency department for treatment for purposes of prioritization. It is in the process of screening the emergency of patients brought or seeking treatment in the department that discrimination occurs, through the ineffective or limited application of objectives and professional standards during the screening, flawed or baseless screening results, and weak prioritization decisions. Discrimination in the emergency department could occur on the part of individual health care workers or due to the policies implemented by the emergency department. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination in the Emergency Department or any similar topic only for you Order Now As such, the solution could require institution-wide effort in ensuring the implementation of sound policies for the emergency department together with an anti-discrimination culture encompassing the professional practice and actions of individual emergency health care workers. An emergency pertains to the any critical situation or life-threatening condition. Since the definition is broad, it allows health care workers in the emergency department room to exercise judgment in deciding what scenarios comprise an emergency. Common criteria applied in determining an emergency include unconscious patients rushed to the hospital, potential stroke victims, patients identified to have suffered serious blood loss, or patients with broken bones especially if this involves the spinal column. (National Health Service, 2007) When the emergency department faces one or more of these criteria, together with other similar intervening factors, especially when many cases are received, the people in charge of the emergency department have to make decisions on a number of issues. The wide-range of allowance for personal judgment of health care professionals in the emergency department (Aberegg, Arkes Terry, 2006) together with the need to make decisions with limited time requiring screening skills and experience as well as the implementation of objective professional standards (Gulland, 2003) opens room for biases and subjectivity. First decision is on whether the cases taken singly comprise an emergency (Aberegg, Arkes Terry, 2006). If so, then the case is considered for emergency action. If not, then the case is referred to the appropriate department. However, the determination of whether the cases constitutes an emergency should be made using professional standards to prevent the intervention of discriminatory practices such as considering a case as an emergency not because it constitutes a life threatening situations but because of biases against one case relative to the other cases (Gulland, 2003). Second decision is the prioritization of all the cases determined as emergencies, brought to the emergency department at one time or in a given period (Aberegg, Arkes Terry, 2006). The emergency department operates 24/7 so that personnel work on a shift basis resulting to a minimum number of personnel on standby at one time. The number of personnel on standby depends on the trends in emergency cases based on the experience of the hospital and expected periods of the occurrence of emergencies such as forest fires and heat waves during the summer. With limited personnel, mounting cases can make prioritization difficult especially when cases are comparable in terms of the extent of seriousness of the health care need (Gulland, 2003). In these situations, prioritization is a necessity but decisions have requires justification. During decision-making, discrimination could occur such as when white patients are prioritized over a black patient regardless of the extent of the life-threatening condition or younger patients are prioritized over geriatric patients even if the older patients require more immediate treatment and the availability of health care professionals in the emergency department allows the prioritization of the geriatric patient. Third related decision is the action to be taken on the case, such as immediate treatment of the patient, referral of the patient to the health care personnel suited in handling the particular case, denial of treatment for certain reasons, referral of the patient for transfer to another health care facility, and other case-based actions (Aberegg, Arkes Terry, 2006). Even if prioritization decisions are justifiable, action or implementation relating to the decision could involve discrimination such as when better service is extended to specific patients relative to other patients involved in comparable emergencies. Overall, discrimination in the emergency department could include biases based on race or ethnicity, gender, age, economic status, or other views expressed in the three areas of decision-making previously discussed. This means that discrimination in the emergency department is multi-faceted. In addition, the degree of intervention of discrimination varies. The intervention of discrimination in the emergency department, from the perspective of emergency health care workers, could include either or both personal and professional bias. Personal bias refers to subjective opinion of a person as against the patient or the circumstances of the case that could affect screening and intervention judgments. Professional bias pertains to the views of the health care workers regarding the condition of the patient, the emergencies, the intervention, and the role they play in this specific situation based on the knowledge and experience of the professional. Both could overlap and operate in creating discrimination in the emergency department. (Gulland, 2003; Aberegg, Arkes Terry, 2006) Based on the manifestations and causes of discrimination in the emergency department, a number of solutions become apparent. One is the efficient organization of the emergency department in anticipation of life threatening cases at any time. (Gulland, 2003) Since the number of available staff and the level of preparedness of the emergency department determines the creation of opportunities for discrimination since only a small number of emergency cases brought to the emergency department can be addressed. Another solution is the development and continuous enhancement of the operational infrastructures of the emergency department including policies and guidelines in compliance with legal and professional standards, flexible budget and personnel allocation to the department, sound human resource management strategies, organizational culture grounded on objectivity, and other necessities in supporting the high level of preparedness and efficiency of the emergency department (â€Å"Interpretive Guidelines,† 2005). This solution also works in limiting the opportunities for discriminatory action in the emergency department. Still another solution is the application of training and development programs in compliance with the principle of continuous learning. This means that health care workers assigned to the emergency department undergo continuous learning programs to update their knowledge and skills to be able to accommodate developments in professional practice as well as emerging issues arising in professional practice in the emergency department.(Gulland, 2003) When this happens, the likelihood of discrimination lessens because updated information supports the achievement of more objective professional judgments or decisions on issues and challenges faced by the emergency department. Although the emergency department involves a wide-room for judgment and decision-making on the part of health care workers in the emergency department as well as poor support infrastructural support and organizing inefficiencies, which create situations that give rise to discrimination, the causes of discrimination in the emergency department are preventable by addressing these causes. How to cite Discrimination in the Emergency Department, Papers

The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Prologue And Tale, From The Canterbury Tales Essay, Research Paper In The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath seems to be one of the more vibrant characters on the pilgrims journey. Dame Alice has extremist positions about adult females and matrimony in a clip when adult females were expected to be inactive toward work forces. There are many things consistent between The Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s prologue and her narrative. The most evident similarities that clearly depict the comparing between the prologue and the narrative are laterality of both adult females over their hubbies, the duplicate of visual aspect between the old beldam and Dame Alice and eventually the world is that the 5th hubby and the knight are really likewise in personality. Although there are some contrasts amid the prologue and the narrative, the resemblance far outweigh them. To commence, The Wife of Bath, Dame Alice, is dominant over all five of her hubbies and although she struggles with her 5th hubby to derive the upper manus in the matrimony, Dame Alice however in the terminal accomplishes her initial purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on The Resemblances In The Wife Of Bath or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dame Alice seems to be merely genuinely happy when she has command over her hubbies. They have to volitionally manus over this power, consciously or unconsciously, because without their consent she has a conflict on her custodies, both disputing the other for ultimate high quality in the relationship. The old beldam, similarly, additions control over her hubby when the knight places her in the regulating place and yet once more as seen in the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Prologue, the knight must accept to give up this power in order for the old beldam to get it, for if he had non given her control of the partnership, both would hold continued unhappily. Subsequently, a 2nd relationship between the prologue and the narrative is the description of both the old beldam and the Wife of Bath, at least physically concerned. The Wife of Bath describes herself as old and unenrgetic, # 8220 ; But age, allas, that al wol envenime, Hath me biraft my beautee and my pith. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 481-482 ) . Although the physical description of Da me Alice is non every bit unpleasant as the portrayal of the old adult female, there is noteworthy apery between the two adult females. The old adult female is described by the knight as, # 8220 ; A fouler creature ther may no adult male devise. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1005 ) , the old adult female besides quotes him subsequently as stating she was # 8220 ; foul and old # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line 1219 ) . Due to the similarities of the adult females one could successfully reason that The Wife of Bath, sees herself someplace in the old beldam character, as going the old beldam, yet trusting to transform into the immature and beautiful maiden. Ultimately, the monolithic association between the prologue and the narrative is the similitude between both the 5th hubby, Jankyn and the knight. In the get downing both of the work forces disrespected adult females. Jankyn read from his book of wicked adult females, and at times reading out loud to Dame Alice. For his contempt of adult females he was punished by his married woman when she ripped out the pages in is book. The knight disrespected adult females by harshly go againsting a inaugural # 8217 ; s honor, he to was punished for this and non merely punished but besides punished by a adult female. Jankyn and Dame Alice merely realized echt cloud nine one time Jankyn gives all sovereignty over to his married woman. After he has agreed to that, both he and his married woman live in harmoniousness, # 8220 ; After that twenty-four hours we hadde nevere debat. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: Line 828 ) . The knight every bit good had to give his married woman, the old adult female command i n order to be able to populate blissfully, in allowing her brand her ain determination he was rewarded by populating a bewitching life, # 8220 ; And therefore they live unto hir lives ende In parfit joye. # 8221 ; ( Chaucer: line: 1264 ) . Consequently, these three claims help back up the impression that the Wife of Bath # 8217 ; s Tale is fashioned to repeat her life, or at least what she described of it in her prologue. The most compelling fact overall was the duplicate personalities and the lessons learnt by her hubby, Jankyn and the knight. Although The Wife of Bath sometimes contradicts herself, basically she comprehends the nexus amongst her prologue and narrative, one could even see the contradictions as the manner she had hoped her life would be.

Concept of Transformative Learning in Modern Education

Introduction Transformative Learning is a type of learning that is supposed to innately create understandings for participatory democracy by developing abilities of critical reflection on assumptions taken for granted that support contested viewpoints and participation in dialogue that disregards frictional threats to the values those rights and freedoms are intended to protect.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Concept of Transformative Learning in Modern Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper argues that the concept of transformative learning is elastic enough to adapt to other knowledge systems. In as much as transformative learning is viewed as a process rather than a technique, it is intrinsically evident in various studies involving different knowledge systems. Adapting transformative learning to different knowledge systems As the word suggests, transformative learning is about transformin g or changing. Whatever is being changed has not been clearly defined, but it can be argued that the change involves many aspects such as viewpoints, traditions, cultures, behaviors and policies among others. This assumption alone renders transformation learning an adaptation to many contexts of learning. The learning systems are also defined by the same aspects and any paradigm that attempts to change them is quite relevant. Yet, those who argue that transformative learning is rooted to enlightenment assumptions escape the very fact that the assumptions per se are problematic. Transformative learning is adapted to learning systems across cultures. According to Merriam and Ntseane (2008), the many studies on transformative learning were based on Western rationalism and cognitive orientation where individuality, autonomy and rationality were accepted as cultural values. Hitherto, their study on African culture indicated that culture shaped transformational learning and not the other way round. Indeed, the disorientation issues that elicited the transformative learning process were life happenings common to people everywhere across the world. Transformative learning is flexible enough to adapt to knowledge systems rooted to traditional knowledge and perceptions. In his study on the context of Hawaiian traditional ecological knowledge, Feinstein concluded that people from western and indigenous worldviews can learn from each other (Feinstein, 2004).Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The curriculum and instruction methodologies designed to enable transformational leaning to take place allowed student-constructed knowledge (p.119). All human beings have an inherent thirst to learn new ideas other than those rooted in the traditions which can be evoked through transformational learning. Transformative learning is adaptable to knowledge systems across ages. It is a fact that both old and young people must embrace changes in order to learn. Young people would require changing in order to be in a better position to meet future challenges while older people might require transforming the lingering experiences that largely control their lives. Shilling (2002) suggests that the adult experience as a result of oppressive and abusive policies that undermined the social, economic, political and cultural functions of indigenous nations could be eliminated through transformative learning. In fact, other systems of learning have a vast collection of resources that can assist in transformative learning process. Despite criticizing the reality of different worldviews on and generalization of transformational learning, Brooks acknowledges that â€Å"the multicultural worldviews enrich our resources and is the obligation of individual to facilitate own transformation irrespective of his/her background† (Brooks, 2000, p.170). Conclusion As a process, t ransformative learning is flexible enough to adapt to other education system. Although many of the previous studies concentrated on the western cultures and views, it is now evident that the paradigm can fit in various contexts. Transformation learning can adapt to learning systems across cultures, ages and traditional knowledge and perceptions. References Brooks, A. K. (2000). Cultures of transformation. In A. L. Wilson E. R. Hayes (Eds.), Handbook of adult and continuing education (pp. 161-170). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Feinstein, B. C. (2004). Learning and transformation in the context of Hawaiian traditional ecological knowledge. Adult Education Quarterly, 54(2), 105-120.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Concept of Transformative Learning in Modern Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Merriam, S. B. Ntseane, G. (2008). Transformational learning in Botswana: How culture shapes the process. Adult Education Quarterly, 58(3), 183-187. Shilling, R. (2002). Journey of spirits: Challenges for adult indigenous learners. In E. O’sullivan, A. Morrell M. A. O’commor (Eds.), Expanding the boundaries of transformative learning: Essays on theory and praxis (pp.151-158). Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. This coursework on Concept of Transformative Learning in Modern Education was written and submitted by user Kason W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Challenges in Managing Service Quality within the Knowledge

Challenges in Managing Service Quality within the Knowledge Abstract Numerous opportunities and challenges exist for service organizations and their customers concerning knowledge-based economy along the effects of information technologies. Knowledge-based economy can impact on management of quality services in the companies.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Challenges in Managing Service Quality within the Knowledge-Based Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The purpose of the current report is to look at some of these influences. The study aspires to elicit the enormous prospects obtained by players in the service sector, especially in areas of value, co-creation and communication. At the same time, the report reveals various problems that face managers as a result of the poor quality provided by services providers. The value of this report consists of revealing the logical links between transformations in the society, changes in the service sector, and improvements in the management of quality service. The report will highlight the increasing importance of service quality management within the knowledge-based economy in the comparison to the industrial economy. Net-working and collaboration, constant development, and value co-creation are factors that determine realization of sustainable competitive advantage through service quality management. A desktop review literature is the basis of this report. The effort dedicated to the improvement of management of service quality and the value of managers in service quality management within service organizations is analyzed in the conclusion of the report.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction Knowledge-based economies are witnessing tremendous changes in management of service quality as a result of information technology and Internet, having arrived into the market. When servi ce organizations communicate directly to customers, networks that are crucial to dissemination of new types of services are created. The purpose of this report is to reveal the impact of knowledge-based economy on management of service quality within organizations as well as the major tests and chances faced by providers in quality service management. The function of developing service quality which is attributed to the management to develop service management process within the confines of knowledge-based economy has constantly generated a lot of debate. The report brings out the influence of the knowledge-based economy on the service quality management through recognizing logical links between transformations in the society, service, and service quality management. Numerous opportunities and challenges exist for service organizations and their customers because of a combination of knowledge-based economy and influence of information Communication and value co-creation offer positi ve prospects to come while serious problems are posed by the need for managers to provide quality services. There has been a change in business operations as a result of fast growth in the use of information and communication technology within society. Information technology is made up of various components including computers, hardware, software, telecommunications, and the ensuing technologies. This technology can be measured through the stock of applications that organizations have (Ruiz-Mercader et al. 2006). Information and communication technology includes the use of computers, networks, and other equipments and software that process and transmit data (Plumb Zamfir, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Challenges in Managing Service Quality within the Knowledge-Based Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exploitation of information and communication technologies requires skills and competence. Growth of the knowledge society has amplified demand for competences (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Societies have witnessed a significant change in structure and in ways of accessing information (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Consequently, the service sector has witnessed new challenges as methods of doing business change. Increased service-value networks within high value areas have resulted in surfacing of high-tech services (Qiu 2008). High-tech services include information outsourcing, online sharing of information and knowledge, and demand for innovations consulting like automated business. Electronic services are excellent types of service for the knowledge-based society and economy, contributing heavily to general productivity and development. Conventional service providers, such as travel agencies, have established service-value networks intended at achieving competitive advantage (Qiu 2008). This need has stemmed from their dependence on extremely extensive public information infrastructures and c omplex services systems meant to gratifying their international customers needs. Delivery of knowledge-based services is reacting to explicit customer demands through extremely educated and informed workers. This is achieved through offering and delivering customized value-added answers and relations (Dubosson Fragniere 2008). Changes in Conceptions on Service Quality Management The determinant factor in ways changes in the way service organizations are managed is the knowledge-based economy. Service quality is a basic problem for service organization managers. In the knowledge-based economy, there is an increase in Service quality management.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Yoon and Ekinci (2003), provision of quality services is among the most difficult lasting strategies for business set up. According to Paton and McLaughlin (2008), large organizations sell or procure services on an international scale order since they have established corporation with numerous stakeholders globally. When there is integration of customer knowledge into the operation of the organization, it is possible to understand the needs of the customer fully. This helps the incorporation of the link and contribution of capital as well as boosting satisfaction of the customer. Consequently, service quality management may be a major factor for the triumph of service organizations. Service-dominant logic is the basis of service quality management transformations of within the knowledge-based society. Service-dominant logic portrays service as a process while services were portrayed as units of output in the goods-dominant logic (Vargo Lusch, 2004; Vargo Lusch, 2008). According to Lusch et al. (2006), this new approach is responsive and centered on customer needs. This approach has different effects on the management of services. It envisages ultimate co-creation of value due to connections between the service organization and prospective customers, and joint business between them and other associates (Lusch et al. 2006). According to Vargo et al. (2008: 148), it is imperative to acquire Knowledge and skills if one is to gain competitive advantage in service-dominant logic. The process of value co-creation involves every member (Lusch et al. 2006). The assessment of value-in-use helps the customer to co-creates and determine value of service offered (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Lusch et al. (2006), asserts that a firm can only acceptable value proposition if the customer is involved in the value co-creation. Vargo and Lusch (2008) argue that alterations of philosophies on value creation have consequence on service organizations and their clients. Figu re 1 Value co-creation in service-dominant logic Source: Vargo and Lusch (2008:257) Within the knowledge-based economy, these changes about service, value creation and services management seem to control actions in the service quality management. The growth and rising acceptance of information and communication technology has caused changes to business processes. A case in point is the formation of e-business due to the application of information and communication in business processes (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Competency in rapport determines the feat of the inter-organizational coalitions and their capability to associate and to create value. Networks within service organizations could be strengthened through better knowledge. This could end up impacting on the outcome of such connections (Eikebrokk Olsen 2007). Fuentelsaz et al. (2002: 303), argues that fundamental endeavors must be prepared in the route of learning those activities that are creators of value. Support should be sou ght with the purpose of seeking to support and promote them so as to sustainably create value. According to Fuentelsaz et al. (2002), knowledge-based economy is endowed with unique features that make it possible electronically create value and in so doing offers different ways of doing business compared to conventional methods. However varied the types of services provision are, open networks link people. Management this fact has to be taken into account. Service quality management in both theory and practice is of great significance within knowledge-based economy. Lovelock (1991), suggests that a rise in competition encourages consequential competitive differentiation in the service sector. This differentiation is based on the quality of services to customers. Global financial crisis have created powerful adjustments to management service quality. Because of erosion of purchasing power, customers are more selective when choosing services. They settle for services that would give th em value for money in terms of quality and price. Current economic crisis resulted in reduced demand for services, especially non-vital services like restaurants and theatres. For the reason mentioned above, service quality has long stopped being a market differentiation but rather an essential survival component for the service providers. Perceived value satisfaction, trust, and loyalty are usually linked to quality of service. To illustration, Cronin and Taylor (1992) undertook a study in which they concluded that perceived service quality improved levels of satisfaction. They also discovered that increased levels of perceived satisfaction increased the desire to purchase. According to Bei and Shang (2006), a service organization has put forward comparatively better perceived qualities and mainly those important to customers to do better than its competitors and thus gain competitive advantages. According to Hrtel et al. (2008: 24), customer satisfaction is linked to affective rea ctions generated when one come across a service. A customer’s perception of the success of the result is also related to satisfaction. According to Hsu (2008), the connection between customer loyalty and perceived quality is acquiescent to customer satisfaction. Customer dissatisfaction is as a result of customers not meeting their expectations. This is as opposed to good experiences that result in customer satisfaction Kim et al. (2008). Managers can adopt a higher standard of service quality than the customers’ deserved expectations so as to avoid customer dissatisfaction (Yoon and Ekinci, 2003). Managers should aim at improving service quality and customer satisfaction as well as perceived customer value. Customer satisfaction may dwindle as a result of ignoring customer value. Repeat business may also reduce due to the same reason. Kim et al. (2008) proposes a holistic technique that incorporate enhancement of service value enhancement if an organization is serious about improving service quality and customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction is even more vital regarding electronic services since networks permit knowledge sharing between customers. In the case of service providers, a dissatisfied customer may spread negative publicity to probable customers when he is exposed to low level of service quality than he or she expected. This contrary to conventional settings where this danger is minimal (Hsu 2008).Therefore, online service providers must ensure that they have a full understanding of factors that influence online customer satisfaction (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Customer satisfaction, loyalty, and perceived value are boosted by trust. Customers who are not in a position to physically inspect the quality of a service they want normally have high level of doubt as regarding the outcome of the purchase. They do not trust that they will get the equivalent of their expectations. According to Hsu (2008), levels of perceived risk reduce with i ncreasing levels of trust. The production, exchange and analysis of information is made possible through enabling providers and clients to scrutinize, assess, and negotiate the conditions of their relationship (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Therefore, it is imperative to maintain good information channels so as to enable sustainable interaction and networking of people and technology (Blomberg 2008: 213). A full understanding of a customers’ perception and evaluation of the service quality of an online service provider is crucial for the successful implementation of superior service quality. Hsu (2008) suggests several areas that when improved may have significant impact within an online service organization. The exact areas include; improved customer service, accurate order fulfillment, increased Web site attractiveness, and on-time delivery. Value co-creation is established on the principle of capability to acquire knowledge about other members in the service system. According to B lomberg (2008: 221), the capacity to offer extremely proficient and useful service is improved through gathering information on partners operations, providers, and customers. Where this is the case, service quality should be approximately equal to or higher than the desired expectation to improve perceived quality or customer satisfaction (Yoon Ekinci 2003: 20). A superior way of assessing service quality and customer satisfaction is by use of an expectation scale together with general satisfaction and service quality. This would offer more legitimate information and advance a managers’ decision making (Yoon Ekinci 2003). Practical Implications It is hard to make constructive generalizations regarding the quality management of service organizations because of multiplicity of service. New business surroundings have recently embraced sophisticated information and communication technologies, increased globalization of trade, increased automation, and rapid technological innova tions (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). According to Qiu (2008), service sector has progressed from traditional labour intensive industry to sources of innovation, partnership, and value co-creation. These factors are crucial for managing service. Knowledge is the fundamental of competitive advantage within the knowledge based economy. It is also the heart of innovations in service organizations and originates from making sense of data and transformation of information. Consequently, it is crucial for clients and managers of service organizations to have information as it allows them to make proper, rational, and quick decisions. A rational decision-making process is shaped by the pace of information exchange, the ease of access to information, and the potential to look for and store of information. Large quantities of information may not necessarily translate into a smooth decision-making process because the bulk of information may be irrelevant. Therefore, effective management of information is vital to ensure that the value of information is taken into account (Dubosson Fragniere 2008). When people perceive information as being valuable, their response is immediate. The immediate response causes an increase in the ability to innovate, adaptability, and flexibility to market dynamics. Information and communication technologies advancement has resulted in improved inter-organizational cooperation and communication as well as cooperation and communication between organizations and their customers. This has eased global services delivery and thus facilitates globalization of services and opening up of international markets. The result is increased profits for service organizations that are now able to compete with top-notch opponents (Cunningham et al. 2004: 421). According to Anderson et al. (2008), information may be an important tool for managers. Managers may appeal to particular clients or even enact diverse co-production processes through redesigning the concept of service organizations. The service revolution is different from the industrial revolution as it encourages value as opposed to material. This is a manifestation of sustainable underpinning for the knowledge-based economy (Chan Hsu 2009). Service-dominant logic is founded on variation of the prototype of value delivery to value propositions and of value-added to value co-creation (Vargo Lusch, 2004; Vargo Lusch, 2008). According to Chan and Hsu (2009), increase of internet-based economic activities result in novel value propositions and value co-creation. These originate from three main sources: increase of digital relations between organizations and clients, the accumulation of fresh digital relations, and the interrelation of layers of digital relations across and along a person’s and an organization’s life cycle tasks. Thus, because networks combine clients and value-oriented organizations, their application allows service organizations to provide quality service s since (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). Customer needs may be customized to be in tune with flexibility and adaptability of services by employing information and communication technologies. Competitive services may be fostered through effective integration of new technologies in the service process. This may occur as a result of active support of growth tachniques related to innovation, partnership, and value co-creation. Given that perception of service quality by customers is mostly dependent on the relations between the service provider and the customer, knowledge sharing through networks could improve these relations and thus increase customer satisfaction and loyalty. Conclusions Service quality management is greatly undergoing change as a result of Knowledge-based economy. This economy is not only knowledge-driven, but relies on constant development of people and also entails deep network collaboration. The economy also involves value co-creation geared towards achievement of sustainab le competitive advantage. Despite the many opportunities enjoyed by service organizations and their customers within the knowledge-based economy, there are challenges posed by stringent requirements regarding the quality of provided. The main opportunities related to solutions delivery include: communication, intense network cooperation, value co-creation, and customized value-added services (Plumb Zamfir, 2009). There are various challenges in the service organizations such as changes in client demand for service quality, competences necessary for proper exploitation of information and communication technologies, and the requirement for acquisition of skill and development. Another challenge is the need to transform traditional service organizations into contemporary service organizations. Recent financial crisis has shrunk opportunities and amplified problems in the service organizations. Investments for innovation my help in resolving the challenges brought by financial crisis. Within the service sector, innovations may positively influence service quality and customer satisfaction. The conclusion defends the devotion of effort aimed at raising the service quality management standards. The conclusion is important to service organization managers who are working in highly sensitive area similar to the service quality management. There is need to conduct extensive studies in the area of service quality management so as to recognize and assess definite facets of managing service quality for diverse circumstance of service organizations and for diverse categories of services provided within the knowledge-based economy. Studies in this field could also test the conclusions laid down in this report. This may possibly be achieved by questioning service organization managers and then contrasting the information gathered to the conclusions made in the current report. References Anderson, S, Pearo, LK Widener, SK 2008, ‘Drivers of Service Satisfaction: Linkin g Customer Satisfaction to the Service Concept and Customer Characteristics’, Journal of Service Research, vol.10 no.4, pp. 365-381. Bei, LT, Shang, CF 2006, ‘Building Marketing Strategies for State-Owned Enterprises Against Private Ones Based on the Perspectives of Customer Satisfaction and Service Quality’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 13,pp.1-13. Blomberg, J 2008, ‘Negotiating Meaning of Shared Information in Service System Encounters’, European Management Journal, vol.26, pp. 213-222. Chan, WKV, Hsu, C 2009, Service Scaling on Hyper-Networks. Web. Cronin, JJ, Taylor, SA. 1992, ‘Measuring Service Quality: A Reexamination and Extension’, Journal of Marketing, vol. 56, pp. 55–68. Cunningham, LF, Young, CE, Ulaga, W Lee, M 2004, ‘Consumer Views of Service Classifications in the USA and France’, Journal of Services Marketing, vol.18 no.6, pp. 421-432. Davis, MM 1991, ‘How Long Should a Custom er Wait for Service?’, Decision Sciences, vol. 22,pp. 421–434. Dubosson, M, Fragniere, E 2008, ‘The Consequences of Information Overload in  Knowledge Based Service Economies: An Empirical Research Conducted in Geneva, Service Science’. Web. Eikebrokk, TR, Olsen, DH 2007, ‘An Empirical Investigation of Competency Factors Affecting E-Business Success in European SMEs’, Information Management, vol.44 no.4, pp.364-383. Fuentelsaz, L, Maicas-Là ³pez, JP, Polo, Y 2002, ‘Assessments of the â€Å"New Economy† Scenario’, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, vol.5 no.4, pp. 301-310. Harris, LC, Goode, MMH 2004, ‘The Four Levels of Loyalty and the Pivotal Role of Trust: A Study of Online Service Dynamics’, Journal of Retailing, vol.80, pp.139-158. Hrtel, CEJ, Gough, H Hrtel, GF 2008, ‘Work-group Emotional Climate, Emotion Management Skills, and Service Attitudes and Performance’, As ia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol.46 no.1, pp. 21-37. Hsu, SH 2008, ‘Developing an Index for Online Customer Satisfaction: Adaptation of American Customer Satisfaction Index’, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.34, pp. 3033–3042. Kim, KH, Kim, KS, Kim, DY, Kim, JH Kang, SH 2008, ‘Brand Equity in Hospital Marketing’, Journal of Business Research, vol.61, pp.75–82. Lin, WB 2007, ‘The Exploration of Customer Satisfaction Model from a Comprehensive Perspective’, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.33, pp.110-121. Lovelock, C 1991, Services marketing, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lusch, RF, Vargo, SL Malter, AJ 2006, ‘Marketing as Service-Exchange: Taking a Leadership Role in Global Marketing Management’, Organizational Dynamics, vol.35 no.3, pp. 264–278. Lusch, RF, Vargo, SL O’Brien, M 2007, ‘Competing through Service: Insights from Service-Dominant Logic, Journal of Retailing’, vol.83 no.1, pp. 5-18. Paton, RA, McLaughlin, S 2008, ‘Services Innovation: Knowledge Transfer and the Supply Chain’, European Management Journal, vol. 26, pp. 77-83. Plumb, I Zamfir, A 2009, Managing service quality within the knowledge-based economy: opportunities and challenges, Quality Management in Services, vol. 11, no. 26, pp. 373-382. Qiu, R. G 2008, Service Science: Scientific Study of Service Systems. Web. Ruiz-Mercader, J, Merono-Cerdan, AL, Sabater-Sanchez, R 2006, ‘Information Technology and Learning: Their Relationship and Impact on Organisational Performance in Small Businesses’, International Journal of Information Management,  Vol.26 no.1, pp. 16-29. Vargo, S. L., Lusch, RF, From Goods to Service(s): Divergences and Convergences of Logics, Industrial Marketing Management, 37: 254-259, 2008. Vargo, SL Lusch, RF 2004, ‘The Four Service Marketing Myths: Remnants of a Goods-Based, Manufacturing Model’, Journ al of Service Research, vol.6 no.4, pp. 324-335. Vargo, SL, Maglio, PP Akaka, MA 2008, ‘On Value and Value Co-creation: A Service Systems and Service Logic Perspective’, European Management Journal, vol.26, pp. 145-152. Yoon, TH Ekinci, Y 2003, ‘An Examination Of The Servqual Dimensions Using The Guttman Scaling Procedure’, Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, vol.27 no.1, pp. 3-23.

Discussion Board Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion Board Questions - Essay Example Similarly, P-O fit is imperative in assessing the risk of hiring an employee. Despite the significance of person-organisation match, it is not desirable to ignore the person-job match. This implies that during the recruitment process, it is vital for the recruiters to provide adequate information regarding the job. These include the qualifications, duties and the skills required. It is imperative to note that employees should have the background and the appropriate training in order to effectively undertake the duties as defined by the organisation. Additionally, passion for the job is a major aspect that employers should look for during the hiring process. Employees who have passion for the duties allocated to them are not only motivated but also they are highly productive. Affirmative action entails the statistical information that depicts the relationship between the qualified potential employees and the actual number of the people employed. One of the key aspects of the affirmative action is to establish a goal that is focused at ensuring that the right number of qualified women and minorities is employed. On the other hand, quotas are imposed by government authorities especially for the organisations that depict employment discrimination over a period of time. One of the major ways of ensuring that knowledge, skills, abilities and other attributes (KSAQ) deficiencies do not occur in an organisation is use of lecturers to convey knowledge to the employees. For instance, managers should hold regular meetings with their employees in order to train them on how to use communication system as well use of computers as a way of saving and sending files. In the same way, organisations should allocate a reasonable discussion time when employees can ask questions on the topics covered during the lecturers. Taking into consideration the need of enhancing the

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Sustainability Essay

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Sustainability Development - Essay Example In addition the study will also shed light on the benefits of sustainable development to both societies as well as to the organizations. However, the study will mainly focus on the role played by corporate social responsibility (CSR) in fostering sustainable development of a company. Finally, on the basis of the findings the study will draw a conclusion. Discussion Since the late 1980s, nations from different parts of the world have been discussing about the need of sustainable development. The issue became more apparent when scientists identified the degradation of the ecosystem due to organizational activities. The subject of global warming was also becoming a cause of concern (Polese and Stren, 2000). In addition, to reduce the damages caused by the human and organizational activities, sustainable development become necessary. Nevertheless, after a certain point of time, sustainable development became an obligation for the organizations. Sustainable development is not only necessa ry for preserving the society and environment, but it is beneficial for both organizations as well as for the society. The study will now discuss about the advantages of sustainable development for both organizations and society. Advantages of Sustainable Development for Organizations In response to the increasing environmental challenge, high inequalities in the communal development, organizations around the world have adopted sustainable development, as their growth model (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, n.d). However, this approach has not only helped companies to continue their operation in an eco friendly way, but has also provided them with large numbers of benefits. Some of the most common ones are... This report declares that nowadays, most of the companies around the world have adopted different CSR mechanisms. Moreover, the mission and vision statement of some companies are formulated in such a way that it reflects the company’s viewpoint towards the society and environment. At the same time, these companies have also implemented innovative technologies by which they can reduce the consumption of energy and resources. Rapid population growth, globalization, urbanization and increasing middle class are the driving factors towards lessening down of scarce resources such as water, energy and raw materials. The study was about identifying the role played by corporate social responsibility in the sustainable development process of an organization. In order to satisfy the objective, the study has comprehensively researched the theories proposed by the scholars previously. In addition, real life examples regarding the area of concern were also considered. The study revealed that most of the firms around the world have adopted CSR activities in order to ensure both company as well as society gets benefitted by it. In addition, from the study it has been also identified that several CSR activities such as the smarter planet of IBM, Kellogg’s ‘k-value’ are playing a crucial role in the sustainable development process of the organizations. Therefore it can be concluded that corporate social responsibility is playing a major role in fostering sustainable development.

Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer Essay

Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer - Essay Example The company being established is a new player within the online retailing community, and more specifically operating within the cosmetics, perfume and fragrances sector of this retail market. The company is newly established and is focussing on the internet platform for a number of reasons including but not limited to the substantial reduction of overheads, based on the fact that retail venues, shops and locations are not specifically required to generate income for the company. In addition to this the company has identified a number of key issues, specifically within the online marketing, and search engine optimization fields that stand to benefit the company in boosting online sales via strategic brand marketing within the various products that will be sold via the online store. The brand of Perfume Fragrances Online will operate on a skeleton administrative staff, which includes staff for the processing of orders, based upon their wholesale accounts and contracts with established cosmetic companies, which do and will continue to provide drop ship services to Perfume Fragrances Online customers. This concept drastically reduces staff complements, and can realize a more significant contribution towards the marketing and brand strategy budget. This brand management strategy can be seen as focused entirely upon the internet opportunities that currently exist, and to this end the numerous platforms, such as social media marketing, pay per click and search engine optimization techniques and processes will be implemented in establishing the online presence of the company within the defined sectors and targeted segments of online users.

The Equal Rights Amendment

The Equal Rights Amendment Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of sex. (Eracampaign.com) The truth about the Equal Rights Amendment is that technically, under the constitution, women do not have the same rights as men do. Equality: the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in quantity, degree, value, rank, or ability. (dictionary.com) Every citizen in the United States, is striving to be equal as every other American, but the truth is the United States Constitution does not state that men and women have equal rights. The Equal Rights Amendment was proposed in 1923. Fifteen states choose not to ratify the amendment, these states include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, and Virginia. The mission of the Equal Rights Amendment is to confirm, and ratify an amendment that states, men and women have the same equal rights as one another. Alice Paul was the citizen who introduced the Equal Rights Amendment, and strived to show a greater message in her journey. Her message had become so widely popular, that it was more commonly referred as the Alice Paul Amendment then the Equal Rights Amendment. (equalrightsamendment.org) We are a national, non-partisan, single-issue, grassroots organization. Our mission is to build solidarity among Americans for ratifying and promulgating the Equal Rights Amendment to the US Constitution. (4era.org) The previous quotation is from a well known organization called 4era. The main purpose of this organization is to educated citizens of the need to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment, so that both men and women are considered as equals. The view point of 4era is that they are trying to promote a true progression of a realistic democracy, and improve the United States society as a whole. This organization has conducted many different petitions and poles, to show what American citizens think about the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Another organization that has become widely popular is NOW, which has a similar mission that they are trying to receive. Some of the founders of NOW were Gene Boyer (1925-2003), Kathryn Clarenbach (1920-1994), and Inez Casiano (1926). In 1967 (NOW) ledges to fight until the ratification of ERA is put into place. (womenhistory.about.com) A majority of 4era reasoning for ratifying the constitution come from the many poles and petitions that they provide for United States citizens to take. In July 2001, 4era a survey was conducted for the Era Campaign Network in order to see a clear view of the American population. This survey involved 1,002 adults, comprising 500 men and 502 women- 18 years of age or older, living in private households in the continental United States. 4era conducts their surveys with the most advanced methods and technologies that are available to them. 95% of men agreed that men and women should have equal rights. 97% of women agreed that men and women should have equal rights. As far as you know, does the constitution make it clear that men and women citizens are suppose to have equal rights? 72% said yes. 18% said no. 10% said that they did not know. In your opinion, should the constitution make it clear that female and male citizens are supposed to have equal rights? 88% said yes. 9% said no. 3% said that they didnt know. This survey ended up showing that a majority of American citizens think that it is important that it is put into the constitution that men and women have equal rights. (eracampaign.net) There are several reasons why many organizations are for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. Firstly, it would provide a constitutional and legal reason for both men, and women to have equal opportunities. This would end discrimination in the workplace, and any other institution that may be discriminate because of sex. In There would be no question of discrimination against either sex, because there rights would officially be protected in the U.S. Constitution. There are also several organizations that are against the ratification the amendment, including an organization called the Campaign Committee against the Equal Rights Amendment, though it later was disbanded in Feb.1939, for lack of money to keep the organization going. (now.org) Secondly, the Equal Rights Amendment would help clarify the status of sex discrimination for the courts. (equalrightsamendment.org) From then on, sex would be a determining factor for suspect classification, just as other factors are including different races. Men and women would have to be treated the same when it would come to such matters. Both sexes would receive the same equal treatment, when dealing with criminal facilities, and the treatment that they receive in these facilities while serving time. Lastly, in many American citizens opinions it would send a strong message to the entire United States of America. The fact is that there is no specific part of the amendment where is states that men and women are constitutionally allowed to have the same rights. In many peoples opinions, if the ratification doesnt happen soon the discrimination of women will become even harsher. The message that it would be sending is- the constitution has zero tolerance for sex discrimination under the law. The ERA is suspected to be very helpful. (equalrightsamendment.org) The Equal Rights Amendment will be very beneficial towards women, but it will also help other people, including males. For example, males that work in a workplace with more women typically do not get the salary that the females receive; if this amendment is past it will change this. Though not as severe, there is some discrimination against men in the US. There have been some cases in the past were American women have a child overseas. Under the constitution, that child will automatically become an American citizen. It is not the same for men, if a child is both from an American man, but not an American women, the child would not be American. If the Equal Rights Amendment is past it will change this, so these situations would no longer cause problems. (4era.org) There are many myths involving after the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. The first myth is that ERA will mean that women will have to be drafted along with men. This statement is incorrect. The truth is Congress already has the power to do so, even if this amendment is not passed. Women can still be drafted if they were needed to serve for their country. Article 1, section 8 of the constitution gives Congress the power to raise armies but does not specify gender or age limitations. (4era.org) The second myth that is commonly heard is the Era will allow same sex marriages across the United States. This is also untrue. Though in the ERA it states that men and women are guaranteed the same rights, but it does not state anything about marriage. When it states sex in the constitution it is only referring to gender, this also has the same stating in the 19th Amendment. The 19th Amendment also gives women the right to vote. Same-sex marriage is not covered in the ERA, and will not change after the ratification of the ERA. (4era.org) The third myth is that this amendment will not have any purpose because the rights of women are already protected under the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment states, No state shall make, nor enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; now deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.(eracampaign.net). In actuality, there is no part of the amendment that says women are guaranteed the same rights as men are. The main purpose of passing the 14th amendment was to guarantee that African Americans were given the same rights, though African American women are not guaranteed under this amendment, as well as any other females. Though the 14th amendment has helped women a lot in the past, will different cases of discrimination, it is not a sure thing. There are many important people that have put the problem of womens rights into perspective. Betty Friedan led the National Organization for Women to its active support of the Equal Rights Amendment. Alice Paul was the main reason for ERA; she introduced the entire concept to the Congress in 1923. Alice Paul died on July 9th, 1977 at the age of 92. Gloria Steinem was both a feminist and journalist. She was the key figure in the womens rights movement from 1969. She also founded Ms. Magazine. She was often attacked by radicalisms, because she was believed to only promote benefits for women of the middle class. She was a very outspoken advocate for the ERA, and helped found the Nationals Women Political Caucus. She once quoted this, I have met brave women who are exploring the outer edge of human possibility, with no history to guide them, and with courage to make them vulnerable that I find moving beyond words. (womenshistory.about.com) There has been some controversy over the ERA, because some people are worried that it will have a negative effect on society. Though there have been similar problems in the past that have been resolved the same way. During the Civil War Act helped many people, including African Americans. Racism was a very huge issue, but after the Act was passed racism was no longer a factor and was no longer tolerated in the United States. The Equal Rights Amendment is very similar to the Civil War Acts. Just like the Civil War Acts eliminated the issue of racism, the Equal Rights Amendment will eliminate the issue of sex discrimination. (equalrightsamendment.org) In many citizens opinions, the time for the ratification has past and that there is no longer a chance that it will get ratified. Though, with the election of Barack Obama (2008 president) , many other people think that this is the perfect time for ratification. During an awards ceremony, a representative from the National Womens Political Caucus on July 14, 2009, that she wished to pursue trying to get the amendment ratified even further. During the assemble she announced, If we can get it to the floor, it can pass. This representative said that she was going to present the ideas to Congress on July 21, 2009. Though for different reasons, she was never able to present her ideas to Congress. (womenissues.about.com) There are been many recent events that have involved the ERA discussion, up-to-date members are still voting to expand the constitutional amendment strategy that would end any discrimination based on the qualities of sex, race, sexual orientation, marital status, ethnicity, national origin, color, or indigence. Members also call for further study of age, and the troubles that classes that are involved with the struggles of trying to get constitutional equality between all Americans. In my opinion I think that ratifying the amendment would solve a lot of discrimination problems that are faced every day in America. The National Constitutional Equality Amendment (CEA) Committee continues to look over the amendment. This organization produces much different information that is available to all of the public, so they can be educated on the topic. (now.org) Equality is a quality that cannot just be given to a person. It must be earned and achieved, by hard work, and determination. Though the ratification has been rejected in the past, many people feel the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment is needed, so that not only women no longer have to deal with discrimination, but every American have there our equality. Future events will shape what will happen with the Equal Rights Amendment, and the ratification of such amendment, but for now, the true is, under the Constitution of the United States of America women to not have equal rights such as men do. Work Cited Page Harper, Douglas. Equality. Houghton Mifflin Company, Web. 3 May 2010. . Lowen, Linda. What is the Equal Rights Amendment or ERA?. The New York Times Company., 20 July 2009. Web. 22 Apr. 2010. . Unknown. Chronology of the Equal Rights Amendment, 1923-1996. National Organization for Women, Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown. ERA Campaign Network . ERA Campaign Network, 30 June 2009 . Web. 20 Apr. 2010. . Unknown . Equal Rights Amendment . Alice Paul Institute, Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown . The Equal Rights Amendment . N.p. , 18 Apr. 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . Unknown Womens History. Equal Rights Amendment . The New York Times Company., Web. 19 Apr. 2010.

California History :: American America History

California History 1. EPIC EPIC is the Educational Participation in Communities. This organization involves students as volunteers in the fight against poverty and social neglect in local communities. The goal is social awareness and student involvement. It says that poverty, neglect, and social inequity are a growing reality for millions of people in America. Families are losing their homes, people can't find good jobs, children go hungry, and education in the inner-city is a disaster. There is a is problem because the public and community programs that serve as a safety net to assist such populations are strained beyond their capacity and are usually understaffed and under-funded. Since they cannot do the job without help, EPIC helps. It recruits college students to do volunteer work in schools, hospitals, community centers, legal aid, probation, youth agencies, and other and public service programs. EPIC volunteers provide thousands of volunteer hours to the community. 2. Earl Warren Earl Warren was a political leader. He was a governor of California, but he is remembered as the chief justice who led the Supreme Court of the United States when it made big changes in civil rights laws and in criminal procedures. Warren was a liberal Republican, and he was born in Los Angeles, California. He was elected attorney general of California in 1938. During his four years in office he gained standing as a strong enemy of racketeers. He was elected governor of California in 1942. His progressive policies won him bipartisan support and he was reelected as governor in 1946 and 1950. He was seen as an activist on the Supreme Court, as well as a liberal. 3. Pat Brown Pat Brown was the governor of California. He was elected two times, for two terms (12 years total). He was a Democrat. He thought that nobody could beat him, but the Republican, Ronald Reagan, beat him in the 1966 election. Brown had good policies, and by 1962 California had a booming economy and the largest population of any US state. Brown generously funded social programs that were a factor to the state's prosperity. He enlarged the University of California system, and he built many water projects. During Brown's two terms a governor, the California legislature passed some of the most progressive civil rights laws in the US. 4. Ronald Reagan In 1966 Ronald Reagan beat Pat Brown by a landslide in the election for California governor.